The small slope approximation (SSA) of Voronovich [Sov. Phys. JETP 62, 65–70 (1985)] is a promising method for modeling wave scattering from rough surfaces. The SSA T-matrix series, which can be interpreted as an expansion ...

The small slope approximation (SSA) of Voronovich [Sov. Phys. JETP 62, 65–70 (1985)] is a promising method for application to scattering from many natural surfaces. The theory gives a systematic expansion that can be ...

The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is a numerical technique that makes no explicit physical approximations to the underlying problem. The quality of a FDTD-based solution typically is determined by the ...